Inrand
contatner D€po6: A Pactical Apptoach to solving lhe
shlppins
Probl€ds of Land_Locked
stab
Presenlaiion,
3d Afr 6n s hipp€re Dav, Ab uja, Nov 2004
Ladies and G€ntlemen Bonjof mes Dafr* d
honoured
to bo her€ sth jtu
I have
been
requesled
to p@nt a papef
or inland
dnlaider depdE
as
a praclical appdach ro so v ns shippe$ pbblems in aid ocked
ountes
whch s lh€ uile olmv prcsenlation.
when l@s p€pdng
m'€ef,llhouqhl ofadding
a queslion
mark
10
the rLlLe
ofnvpaper
The li[e of this coniercnce
is "Etrhanons
suslainable
tade in wed 'id
c€nid
Africa" and lnrraslruct0€ s a pre€quislte for tade A mnatr
dBappoiirmeit wirh llie lack ol ooniainer
*d caGo movins up comtrv
made me thnk a queslion
ma* dight be appropiaie lwuLd rike
io
spefd the beller pad of lhe nerr halr hour with vou to erpbe o more
deta lfsuch a queslion
malk s €quired or tror
| f u b [ f u . b . ' . c c . # l

---

rcal
Approach
to solviFs
lh'
Shipplng
Prcblems
ol L.nd_Locked
st'16
Pr€senialion, 3d Afi@i S hippe6 Dav,
Abuja, Nov 2004
Ladis and ceilemen Bonlor mes Dames el
honou,ed
to be herc
wth vou
have
been
requested
to presenl
a paperon
inladd
@nla
ner depob
as
a pFc{€l appDach
lo solvins
shippec problems
n bndr"ked
D'c\\6lld or' J1e. | ^as o eoa| 19
r r s c ! r d q F r o a o d o a o F r o
The iiile or this confe.en* is 'EnhancLdg
s6tainabLe irade Ln
W'er and
Ceital Arrca and inr€slruclue ls a precquisite it lEde A Ftuin
dG
appoiitmeni
w th lhe lacR
ot coniainer*d €rso moving
up corntry
made
ne lhlnk a queslion
ma* mishi be approprLaie
I Lou d K€ ro
spend
the beller
pan of the fen haf lrdm with vou lo €xpore in more
delal ir such a queti on maft s rcquked or nol
t r H - h , a b ' . . " . " c . t H

---

whar arc some of lh€ maln pbb ems dnlrcnling 5h ppe6 n Iand r'ck€d
6unlrl$? There ar€ madv sladins tom c61oms L lransil to ioreisn
Remember lh€ fis0r* the s*retary GeneEL or lhe lveflime
oruanhalion ol west and cenbai Afr@ mentioied duriig the fiisl
seEsion
on Tuesday.
Freight@slw
lb€aslrighas upto30%
ofimpod
varue
for land ocked
counlres
cofrpared
wlth lhe olher nsr€s he
me nlloned th s is a burd€n lor the €conom * ol 6nd Locked
counii'R
Setunq
aside
a l.eiqht which
i5 a pariculd
oase
ior high
vaf rme
sensilive
caqo qeli nq lhe merchaidise
it a sea pon tor r6nspdn or
vice wEa 3 a major problefr The itLLowins
labre setu€s ro ustrac
some of the d trcu ties nvolved lt is bv no d€.ns domplere,
bur tr neLps
io underlaid
some
or the Probrams.
one will see that
ther€ are ooddid€rable
differei€s Butitisiotonva
din€rcnde n dislai@ but also other laclcG such a3 condilion
nr bads
and or lh€ availabLlity
ol dillaoilities Take a3 an example
Ma : D*pire
the hdt thai ilr6 pofr ot conakry n lhe Republic
ol Guinea
B over 400 km
Bamako
tiian the pons of Daka' and Abidlan h"€
ttr-trr!".tusP ** 'a''
H

---

isnotBnstlEffcvaconaktv ln lacl appbr' 60%
of aLl
caruo
t"nd
nom Ma I are shipped
by Abjdjan.
The rcason is lhar 0ntl now, approximalev
300 km of bad beu'en
Kankan
in enl€l Guin* and Bamako.rc
nol paved
and M bnds€e
cro$inqtheNig€rIv€rwe€mssins Atinesametime
lherc
tsnoronrv
a rcad mnneclion
fiom Dakar
and Abidjan.
lhere is also a ra connedbi
fi.m Dakar. R€centy, |{o bddges acrcss the Nig€r itef have been
compieled.
it s undersiood
thal lhe .oad is also curcnllv being paved
The rut!re will show if ihis is caNalFt
enough
lo alid 3h ppe6 lo lse lhe
Dry Pons
or Iniand
container
Depots
(lcD) dould
be an oppotunq
b
mirisale some ol these prcblems i th€J, Qn act as a taciliiator br
elloienl lEnsport or m€rchaid 3e lo/from
the sea pod.
slid€ 3: ftrcughpul ovedlew of west Alrican Pofts (2003)
This b ngs me io the point where | muld like !t take a ook ar pon
adiv ly in wesl Aiiica and lhe associated
1En
sit v6ltr
mes fo' an d ocked
corntdes
Forihe
latler ls locus
mainv
on Ma Burkin'
Faso
andlhe
RepobricNiser
a medbeF
otlhe union
otAiiican
sh pperc
coui'is

---

Aicqother,
lhere
are 12 @ashl
@
wesr africa. Their brd popuialion
sirnds a( appbx. 250 ml ion. The
resion
i6 seruBd
by 3 major
and slighuy
smaller
public
poa6
poft ihbughpul
s nol oompletey
clear A Litte
rserrFolfa lErldsoLlo rsgosrdponrl0 shonf b(e*o!60
million
tons lbr the ports bebxeei Dakd and ooua a Thereof
an excess
of 20 minion
lons is Nigeian
Calgo.
Thir iqu€ wolld inciude
oll
prcducts
in sdme
duntries,
bul nol n Nig€ a.
oth6r daia f@m UNCTAD
however
seems lo suggesl much ress dry
ca ao morc to the run e ol 20 million
tons. includ
ing pons in rvlau
relan:a
and down lo Angola.
All oil p.oducls
are erc uded rbm lh 3 fgure The
figures
colledted
pebona y suggest
a tola l€nsit l€ffic 10 the oder of 3
Tum n9 lo @nta nerlsed
lhnughpul al lhe 13 pods belreei Dakd and
Douala
lhis above
siood.l i 35 h iorTEUin2003
up9,1%rrcmihe
previous
y€ar. ll is Mfilxvh € noling lhat lhe slatislice
6nsufed wnib
prcpadng
th s paper srow vtrualt no tEnsit cankihet talfc to the tand
/&ked drrltt6s menlioned
above.
s.H!mb!4Pli.o|ariEcnhg

---

S[de ,r: ovodiew Po.ls in wet Aftlca,
on ihe map I have
fied 1o visualise
lhe main
hamit los on€ en
idanlit 5 frajor porls lhat handl€ sizabe amounE or lEnsit tEn' ior
therland
ocked
neishbouG,
lhe* beins
In addirion.
t is undeBlood
thar Teha slso €l3c
ior irans t 6190
slld. 5: west Arrlcan a€n.il Porls
Then nansil lEffio and blalions may be 3ummadsed
as lbllm
,
oakar Ma,appDx 350,000
tons
dr 3.5%
ol tolal
por i€trc
.
Abdjan Mali Butltua
Fasd,
Ghana,
appbx 205,000
tdm or
1.3% tola PoltlBffic
r
Lona Buftina
Faso,
Mali,
Nse. appox 1.2 m ion lons
of

---

coionou
Niser Mali Bulriia Faso.
apprcx
21% ol ilta Pon l€lfc
lhese figu€s €presenr offidiaL
si
'€oe Frcrri orpndro r s obviors
rtr noole<rcle oo'' e!o^
any kind of privileged
posilion All landocked
countEE pleier ro use
multipe
pons.
lwill leave
il to vou lo rom vour Nn opion on which
en€nl ihe choice ol lEns t porr a
lansuage
or jo nt monetary
sFiem3 l do beli4e thal lh s cannor be
Accordinq
10 .ecent esiimates
bv orewry shipping consullanc apprcx
91,6
lo 1Oo/"
or impo''t
volum€s and approx S% all expon v0 um€s nav€
ihen fina desl nalion
or oigln in ih e land Locked
cou
dtdes
of wesr Afdca
H@ve( the prcv aus anaLvsis
suqodsls
ihat ihese dago volum€s rarerv
bave $e pods or $en inhed ale suiioundings
Ln
conb nec or 'trve
there aL€ady onlainersed.
lhere are manv casons for lhis btrt
pEbably
lhe mosl Pom nent a€
. rh€rel. rr(eof s ipp g utaMdtas6.to@Ldf
i The fact that
mow up duntv h sma

---

oE ralsir heriFrli'no ' oeau
shipping Lin€6 en b€ avolded lr mnlainec are .tripped inlo
'uP
M€hous*
near the
muntry' 5 lhm
racililaldd
by olher m€.s
Ladt bul not l*st, one mighl think thal nids ng lnfraslruclurc
lh.l allom
a qurck and smoolh fldw of 6nlalne6 iiofr llie pod l! nland and vice
verea
muld be a reason.
This
is $he€ lMuld lke lo @m€ back
r. rhe
tilre
of lhis paper
and hfle a crose.l@k
at h@ nand @nlalne.
dep.is
m shr kick
inlo
lh sequaton.
srrd€ 6: characl.rlsticsollnland
containerDepols
I Murd like to do this bas€d on a dtudy
NPc cadied out h{o vea6 aso
for dre Nlgerai Shlppe€ Council
on lhe developmeit
or a svsEd 'i
ldand conralner
Depots.
Al lh€ tlme ol Miling.
lhe rocus
res on ihe
Nlqedan
edonomy,
bulthe
*mple easilv
lends
itsLf
to the case
ot and
setoins a wlde va. ery of l€nspori opeEto6, an ln aid conlainer Depol
pmvdes a key link beM*n 6l and rcad coiiainef lEnspodalion The
cD @nsutul€. an lmpodant
pad or lhe jnlEslruclure
for conlaider
saiioo
ot expor.
and hpon sa r€ighl €rgo. Basl€llv, lhe lcD lunctons
Bemble ihose of a seaport.
on one hand,
lho lcD husl Ecilitab

---

mpoi@nt
naiional
lasks
like cusldms
sed@s. On the o1he.
hand
il has
lo pbvide setuices and ca'so handlins tacilities lo the lEnspod hafkei
so as io prcnote
rhe maximum
Levelorconpelilion.
Besdes
providins
daad handnng
Ecirilies
a sysled
of idlaid
coniainer
depors
@nnecred
lo lhe oouitdes fr a n seapons
va €i uou d offer lhe
potenlia
lo inc€ase ih€ amounl
al caQo
lGnspod€d by E I through
rcg u d conlain€r b ock (Eins Thls wd
uld ofi€r subslanual
ban
erts nol
oiry ior consignees
and shippe6,
but aso for lhe cilway companv
tlrmugh
rhe geneElion
of muoh
ne
srrde
7: sysr€m orlnland
conlainer
Dopols
for Nlge a
For lhe sFl€m prcposed
n lhe study,
the lCDs sha I be ocal€d ai Aba.
badan,
Balch Jos Gombe.
Karo Maidugud
and Kalsiia Aba and
' rF ro€ oe15ey pop-laFd Td oJ+ aagiols
apprcx
malely 60 to 130 km n m ih€ nearest
pnd. Th€ olher roc*dn:
arc fudhe'
inland
The dstan€ Iolhe nea€* pon is ben'een
300
3nd
A modurff design has been elaboEl€d lor lbur lype. of lcD wih a
cpaciryof
5oo0TEU.
10.000TE!,20,000TEU
and50000TFrr
rh.
desgn of each modub anore ihal capaciry
bolh for oper @nb'n€r

---

sroiage and covered slocge can be easily adapted lo ncrcasing
sride
3: Type
r: 5000
TEU
crFcily
The b/pe
I rcD is the sma ed and has an ainuatdesisn
€pacq or
5.000
TEU.ltshould
b€ located
dlose
lo lhe main
Eilway
lineand
shoutd
haveallea61toowndead-endlEcksof200meach
Thus
thelcDcan
amommodate
one lu cargo
rEin sprrr
inlo rwo haws Reach
slackeB
are u*d to road
and unoad
conlainers
lrcm lruoks
and/or
kains.
The
. a 6nla ne. srackins
areai
i an dffce complex tor lcD adm n
a @nlainer
r6i9hl statidn wiur 3n adlacent
slufiins and slrippins
an eqoipneit pa*iis arca d€dioated also to mainteiance
anc
and frnaly
a sale and @nlairer
interchanse
includns
a trucl
pa*ing area oulside
of lhe lcD bounda.y
The sruffins/stippins
areainlrcntolthecFsaleose
*aEcusiors nsp*lor zone.

---

The
iolalaEa
requircd
s approx
34500
m'comprising
a CFS
or4,000
m? Th6lcD shallbe
equipped
sin 2 rcaob
siackeF
and 3loltns r'r
sruffing/slr
ppins cargo tofircm conlaineE
and manipu
ation of €rso
n
IhecFS sdesisned
n such
a nannerihatai
arca
lbr stuning
(exporr
oadinq
bay). slrlpp n9 aid cusioms nspeclion
is lodal€d on the otre s de
(he oreei aEa) on the opposile Eide. theE arc ba)€ lor oad ng and
un oadiig lrucks Thus, lhere are alwavs
unidi€ctional calgo flows (lrcm
rhe mnhiner lo lhe lruck or vl€ veEa) thal do nol coni ct
The L shaped
des qn of the above
depicled
LcD allNs an easv capaciv
enhancmenl
to 10.000
iEU perannlm
bv extendins
the stackins
atea
a.d the cFS wlthoutmov
ng afyexsiing
buildinss
A€as loraux iary
seru
es such
as work
shops
€lg0 handing
agenb,
police,
banks,
oaterere
and
othe6
s hould
be msde
ava
iLable
oub d' rh€
physicalbdunda
es or the ICD
tor secuflv
rcasom
slld.9: TYPo
11r
10,000
TEU
cap.cny
The baslc
des
gn ot the Type
ll lcD silh a design
epacitv ol 10 000
TEU s s mild lo the qpe I CD The loial requiEd a€a increai'e to
54,200
squarc
netres
*ilh a CFs or 3,000
square
melres lt shaL
be
equ pped wilh 3 rcach stackeB
.nd 4 to*lifis for slufinO/sltppins
car9o

---

Th€ ICD €n eas y b€ expanded
lo dolbe the ain0aLdesi:qn
€padily
s[d6 10r
Typ€ |||, 20,000
TEU.
Hwever,
the Lshapeddesign
aL
ows
a €padry expansion
in any
orher
slep
as @n. slackins
areas
and nre CFS
€n be enanded ndividually
ro sL r pancrar reqt'€n €rh. r16 rype
rr,20
000 IELJ
des9. rcoJ s
ahosl 30000 square
mel€e. the basic
design
remalns
unchansed
compal€d lo ine prevrols
rype
Slidell:TypelV,
50,000IEU
The ave,ase
ensrh
of a conlanercaruo
tcin in Niseda
s 20 wasons
each capabl€ ol carrying
2 20 conrainerc.
The Type I io rlr lcDs rcu d
lrafdle up lo hro r€ins per day on two €
lracks or 200 m ersth each
Ftr a raas cD Gs 50,000TEU)
ii ls e@mmended
io etend these
i.acks
to.400
m each
lo accommodale
two
tullca4o
lra ns ar a t me The
size
or rhe cFs in a 50.000
TEU
ICD
wou
d aso have
io be enended
aqain
up to 40000 m' For Ihe larce cD, lhe addiiion
ol a ixed
wo*shop
blildidq,
a gate
wur tour anes
and
larcerpadang
tacililies
tor
and pbject cargo js prcposed.
The tora a€a of the rco coverc
apprcx

---

Slidel2: Epnpl€: Katsina
ICD
with these baslc des sns in mind L would lik€ to ook al tlvo *mdes
how
slch lcDs could
be impiemenied
The liBt exampLe
is an lcD at
Lo€ted appBx 1 2oo km l6m Lagos
sea port and onlv 30 km rom be
boa.der
wlth Niger, KalEina
is a good etampL€ lor how the lcD concepr
dight also serue
ihe nterests
of landldcked
cotnrres
Civilwo*s:
Equipdant
2l mLlion
UsD,
complsrns
R€ach stackes l!nts 45bns€pa(tv
The study
eslimated
potental
lEnspod
@st savinss
d a dnErer
rEnspofted
by €ilrom Lasos to Karsina
lo the oder ol appDr soo/i in
cosr
re n5 al rr r ne or p€pa?rior ol -e s'udv rir 2002
L4as dpp o'
think
lhis s a good
exampe
ol the poledtalor
lcos to Edu'eh€ mqn
@sl
olt€nspolr menlioned
ear er.

---

sllde 13: Ex.mPle:
Maidusuri
Lodaied approx I 660 km from t?gos and appior. 125 km fr.n the
bGlds wiih Tchad
ln ihe rodh eadt ol Niseda,
Maidugu'i
is a tudner
exanpre
of ao lcD lhat n shl srue landocked
countdes
sone delais
2.0 million
usD, mmprisLns
the sludy stmated polenlia lraispoft o6t savnss ror a conla nef
Mnsponed
by railtron LagG to l,laidwur]lo
ihe ordd of appror
60%
{in 2002 lems: appbr 600 rJsD). HN€ver I musl pour a Ltr' Mrer
nlo rhe wne when | €dind you that th€ dstance
fbm Lagos
lo
\\D-ancrd h aoDrc/
300 ir orqe \\ o vn
0ouaa.In
addiiion,
the€ ielheChari
rv€r to 0@s6.
Slid€ 14: critical
succ*s factoB:
o$ srudy pbposed rhat the syetem
shall b6 developed
under a public
pivate
padne$ p apprcach
Bolh
fom a linancia
ande6nom€ponr
of v€w, ou. sludy guggesied
that in€ benefts ouhteigh
lhe cosr

---

lnland
conlainer
depois
are not isoaied but intesrabd
par6 of a
ogislids
cha n rhat erlends frcm overceas
ro the lml desrinaiion.
The
JbNng a€ some cdlica suooess
lbcroc rhai musl be raken
tnto
' Rellab€ lEnspon
oonnetions
betu€en ih€ ICD and ihe seapon.
Transpon
is possbe eilher
by road
or kL, whcrcby
Ell s lhe
p€rercd ong dislance
dode of tErspjn rhe ava'tabitifr
af such
Gil tQn,paft is an hdispeMble prerequisile.
. Ava ability ot suficlenl supporr inl€siruc1u@, ii pariicuar
€emmmmicauon.
ELecricly
and
fue suppy
a€ aso impofianr.
' Cusloms
mrst be adapled
and musl al M ai uninpeded
now ol
merchandise
frcmrheseapoftio
ihE cD and
vice verca,
p€lerably
. A bus ness environment
conduciive
lbr pri€te nveshent ir llre
pl vare
secior
sha be ncruded.
These racidrs should be cLosely
montored
to ensrre lhat a business
a.lve ole n he ping
to impbve
the rosisl6 chah
Just
rcenty hav€ eamtrhat0ie
Nigeian
shippe€ coutrcilhas
been
achiev
ns substanlialproqress
in implemenlins
dre scheme
prcposed.

---